Taller Unidades 1 y 2

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Organizational structure refers to the way that an organization arranges people and jobs so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met. When a work group is very small and face-to-face communication is frequent, formal structure may be unnecessary, but in a larger organization decisions have to be made about the delegation of various tasks. Thus, procedures are established that assign responsibilities for various functions. It is these decisions that determine the organizational structure.

In an organization of any size or complexity, employees' responsibilities typically are defined by what they do, who they report to, and for managers, who reports to them. Over time these definitions are assigned to positions in the organization rather than to specific individuals. The relationships among these positions are illustrated graphically in an organizational chart. The best organizational structure for any organization depends on many factors including the work it does; its size in terms of employees, revenue, and the geographic dispersion of its facilities; and the range of its businesses (the degree to which it is diversified across markets).

There are multiple structural variations that organizations can take on, but there are a few basic principles that apply and a small number of common patterns. The following sections explain these patterns and provide the historical context from which some of them arose. The first section addresses organizational structure in the twentieth century. The second section provides additional details of traditional, vertically-arranged organizational structures. This is followed by descriptions of several alternate organizational structures including those arranged by product, function, and geographical or product markets. Next is a discussion of combination structures, or matrix organizations. The discussion concludes by addressing emerging and potential future organizational structures.

A. Categorias lexicales y uso del diccionario.

1. Selecciona un texto relacionado con tu area de interes. Identifica 3 palabras que no conoces.. agrega las abreviaciones.

    Thus  (adv),   de este modo

    rather  (adv),   mas bien

    patterns   (sust.),  patron

2. Idea principal del texto (en español)

    Las estructuras organizacionales, la implementacion de estas en las empresa, y su importancia.

3. Categorias lexicales: (2 ejemplos por categoria)

• Palabras de contenido:   structure, patterns
• Palabras de Función:  in, over
• Verbos:  apply, provides
• Adverbio:   thus,  rather
• Adjetivo:   organizational,  multiple
• Artículo:   the,  an
• Preposiciones:  by,  over
• Conjunción: but, and
• Cognados verdaderos:   Organization,  communication
• cognados Falsos:
• Sufijo: organizational, responsibilities
• Prefijos:  unnecessary

B. Estructura de la oracion: (2 ejemplos)
Frase nominal

1. Nucleo de la frase nominal
2. pre modificadores- post modificadores

Frase verbal

1. Nucleo de la frase verbal
2. Tiempo verbal

Ejemplo 1)  The best organizational structure for any organization depends on many factors including the work it does

Frase nominal:  The best organizational structure for any organization

1. Nucleo de la frase nominal:  structure
2. pre modificadores: The best organizational
3. post modificadores for any organization

Frase verbal :  depends on many factors including the work it does

1. Nucleo de la frase verbal:  depends
2. Tiempo verbal:  presente simple

Ejemplo 2.)  The following sections explain these patterns

Frase nominal:  The following sections

1. Nucleo de la frase nominal:  sections
2. pre modificadores:The following
3. post modificadores

Frase verbal :  explain these patterns.

1. Nucleo de la frase verbal:  explain
2. Tiempo verbal:  presente simple

Unidad 3 - Aproximacion al texto - SCANNING

Genichi Taguchi

Genichi Taguchi, born January 1, 1924, in Tokamachi, is an engineer and statistician. From the 1950s onwards, Taguchi developed a methodology for applying statisics to improve the quality of manufactured goods. Taguchi methods have been controversial among some conventional Western statisticians, but others have accepted many of the concepts introduced by him as valid extensions to the body of knowledge.

Taguchi was raised in the textile town of Tokamachi, in the Niigata prefctur of  Japan. He initially studied textile egineering at Kiryu Technical College with the intention of entering the family kimono business. However, with the escalation of World War II in 1942, he was drafted into the Astronomical Department of the Navigation Institute of the Imperil Japanese Navy.
After the war, in 1948 he joined the Ministry of Public Heath and Welfare, where he came under the influence of eminent statistician Matosaburo Masuyama, who kindled his interest in the design of experimnts.  He also worked at the Institut of Statisticl Mathematics during this time, and supported experimental work on the production of penicillin a Morinaga Pharmaceuticals, a Morinaga Seika company.
In 1950, he joined the Electrical Communications Laboratory (ECL) of the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation just as statistical quality control was beginning to become popular in Japan, under the influence of W. Ewas Deming and the Japanee Union of Scientists andEngineers. ECL was engaged in a rivalry with Bel Labs to develop cross bar and telephone switching systems, and Taguchi spent his twelve years there in developing methods for enhancing quality and reliability. Even at this point, he was beginning to consult widely in Japanese industry, with Toyota being an early adopter of his ideas.

Seleccione un texto  y escribe 4 preguntas puntuales sobre fechas, sitios, etc) (utiliza una biografía referente a algún autor de tu área de experticia))

1.- Cuando nacio Genichi Taguchi ?
      - Genichi Taguchi nacio el 01/01/1924

2.- En donde nacio Genichi Taguchi ?
      - Genichi Taguchi nacio en Tokamachi,  Japon

3.-  Que estudios inicio Genichi Taguchi
      - Genichi Taguchi inicio estudios de ingenieria textil

4.-  En donde inicio estudios Genichi Taguchi
      - Genichi Taguchi inicio estudios en Kiryu Technical College

Unidad 3 - Aproximacion al texto - PREDICION, DEDUCCION, SKIMMING

History of The Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty National Monument officially celebrated her 100th birthday on October 28, 1986. The people of France gave the Statue to the people of the United States over one hundred years ago in recognition of the friendship established during the American Revolution. Over the years, the Statue of Liberty's symbolism has grown to include freedom and democracy as well as this international friendship.

Sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion, to commemorate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. The Statue was a joint effort between America and France and it was agreed upon that the American people were to build the pedestal, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly here in the United States. However, lack of funds was a problem on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In France, public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were among the methods used to raise funds. In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds.

Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing such a colossal copper sculpture. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) was commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which allows the Statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright. Back in America, fund raising for the pedestal was going particularly slowly, so Joseph Pulitzer (noted for the Pulitzer Prize) opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, "The World" to support the fund raising effort. Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich who had failed to finance the pedestal construction and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds. Pulitzer's campaign of harsh criticism was successful in motivating the people of America to donate.

Financing for the pedestal was completed in August 1885, and pedestal construction was finished in April of 1886. The Statue was completed in France in July, 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor in June of 1885 on board the French frigate "Isere" which transported the Statue of Liberty from France to the United States. In transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. The Statue was re-assembled on her new pedestal in four months time. On October 28th 1886, the dedication of the Statue of Liberty took place in front of thousands of spectators. She was a centennial gift ten years late.

The story of the Statue of Liberty and her island has been one of change. The Statue was placed upon a granite pedestal inside the courtyard of the star-shaped walls of Fort Wood (which had been completed for the War of 1812.) The United States Lighthouse Board had responsibility for the operation of the Statue of Liberty until 1901. After 1901, the care and operation of the Statue was placed under the War Department. A Presidential Proclamation declared Fort Wood (and the Statue of Liberty within it) a National Monument on October 15th, 1924 and the monument's boundary was set at the outer edge of Fort Wood. In 1933, the care and administration of the National Monument was transferred to the National Park Service. On September 7, 1937, jurisdiction was enlarged to encompass all of Bedloe's Island and in 1956, the island's name was changed to Liberty Island. On May 11, 1965, Ellis Island was also transferred to the National Park Service and became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. In May of 1982, President Ronald Reagan appointed Lee Iacocca to head up a private sector effort to restore the Statue of Liberty. Fundraising began for the $87 million restoration under a public/private partnership between the National Park Service and The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., to date the most successful public-private partnership in American history. In 1984, at the start of the Statue's restoration, the United Nations designated the Statue of Liberty as a World Heritage Site. On July 5, 1986 the newly restored Statue re-opened to the public during Liberty Weekend, which celebrated her centennial.

Ejercicio

•Seleccione un texto que tenga una imagen.

•Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas.

•De acuerdo al título y la imagen, ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?

    La Historia de la Estatua de la Libertad

•¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?

    La idea del texto es la historia de la estatua de la libertad

•¿Que palabras se repiten?

    Statute, Liberty, American, people, United State, Monument

•¿Que palabras se parecen al español?

    Statute, Liberty, American, Monument, Park, Responsibility, Pedestal

•¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?

    El titulo:  History of The Statute of Liberty

•¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo. 

    El texto trata sobre el monumento nacional de la estatua de la libertad, que celebro su cumpleaño numero 100 el 28 de Ocubre de 1986, ademas que la gente de Francia le regalaron la estatua a la gente de los Estados Unidos al alcanzar los primeros 100 años en reconocimiento de la amistada establicidad durante la revolucion americana.

Unidad 2 - Estructura de la oracion

POKA - YOKE

Poka-yoke (ポカヨケ?) [poka joke] is a Japanese term that means "fail-safing" or "mistake-proofing". A poka-yoke is any mechanism in a lean manufacturing process that helps an equipment operator avoid (yokeru) mistakes (poka). Its purpose is to eliminate product defects by preventing, correcting, or drawing attention to human errors as they occur. The concept was formalised, and the term adopted, by Shigeo Shingo as part of the Toyota Production System. It was originally described as baka-yoke, but as this means "fool-proofing" (or "idiot-proofing") the name was changed to the milder poka-yoke.

Poka-yoke can be implemented at any step of a manufacturing process where something can go wrong or an error can be made. For example, a jig that holds pieces for processing might be modified to only allow pieces to be held in the correct orientation, or a digital counter might track the number of spot welds on each piece to ensure that the worker executes the correct number of welds.

Shigeo Shingo recognized three types of poka-yoke for detecting and preventing errors in a mass production system:

1.The contact method identifies product defects by testing the product's shape, size, color, or other physical attributes.

2.The fixed-value (or constant number) method alerts the operator if a certain number of movements are not made.

3.The motion-step (or sequence) method determines whether the prescribed steps of the process have been followed.

Either the operator is alerted when a mistake is about to be made, or the poka-yoke device actually prevents the mistake from being made. In Shingo's lexicon, the former implementation would be called a warning poka-yoke, while the latter would be referred to as a control poka-yoke.


EJERCICIO

1.-  Escribe cual es la idea principal y escribe con tus propias palabras que dice el texto en español.

      Trata de los inicios de la metodologia Poka Yoke

Poka Yoke es un termino Japones que significa "Sin Riesgo de Errores" o "A prueba de Errores". Un poka-yoke es cualquier mecanismo en un proceso de manufactura que ayuda a un operador de equipos a evitar (yokeru) errores (poka). Su proposito es eliminar los defectos de los productos previniendo, corrigiendo o alertando los errores de los humanos mientras ocurren. El concepto fue formalizado y el termino adoptado por Shigeo Shingo como parte del sistema de produccion de Toyota.  Fue nombrado originalmente como baka-yoke, pero como esto significa a prueba de idiotas el nombre fue cambiado a algo mas suave poka-yoke.

Poka-yoke puede ser implementado en cualquier paso de un proceso de manufactura donde algo puede salir mal o pueda suceder un errror. Por ejemplo, una plantilla que tiene piezas para procesar puede ser modificada para solo permitir piezas que sean colocadas en la orientacion correcta, o un contador digital puede  localizar el numero de puntos de soldaduras en cada pieza para asegurar que el trabajador ejecute el numero correcto de soldaduras.

2.-  Selecciona tres oraciones e indica:
-  Frase nomina, pre y post modificadores y nucleo
-  Frase verbal, nucleo
-  Tiempo verbal de la oracion.

1.-   A poka-yoke is any mechanism in a lean manufacturing process 
- Frase nominal:  A poka-yoke
- Pre modificadores: A
- Post modificadores:
- Nucleo: poka-yoke
- Frase verbal:  is any mechanism in a lean manufacturing process
- Nucleo: is
- Tiempo verbal: Presente Simple

2.-   It was originally described as baka-yoke
- Frase nominal:  It
- Pre modificadores:
- Post modificadores:
- Nucleo: It
- Frase verbal:  was originally described as baka-yoke
- Nucleo: was
- Tiempo verbal: Pasado Simple

3.-   The fixed-value (or constant number) method alerts the operator if a certain number of movements are not made
- Frase nominal:  The fixed-value (or constant number) method
- Pre modificadores: The fixed-value (or constant number)
- Post modificadores:
- Nucleo: method
- Frase verbal:  alerts the operator if a certain number of movements are not made
- Nucleo: alerts
- Tiempo verbal: Presente Simple




3.-  Busca 2 ejemplos de elementos referenciales
- Pronombres demostrativos: this
- Conectores:  but,  where

Unidad 1 - Uso del Diccionario

 

The Deming Cycle (PDCA)

PLAN

Establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the expected output.

DO 

Implement the new processes. Often on a small scale if possible.

CHECK 

Measure the new processes and compare the results against the expected results to ascertain any differences.

ACT 

Analyze the differences to determine their cause. Each will be part of either one or more of the P-D-C-A steps. Determine where to apply changes that will include improvement.

PDCA was made popular by Dr. W. Edwards Deming, who is considered by many to be the father of modern quality control; however he always referred to it as the "Shewhart cycle". Later in Deming's career, he modified PDCA to "Plan, Do, Study, Act" (PDSA) so as to better describe his recommendations.

The concept of PDCA is based on the scientific method, as developed from the work of Francis Bacon (Novum Organum, 1620). The scientific method can be written as "hypothesis"–"experiment"–"evaluation" or plan, do and check. Shewhart described manufacture under "control"—under statistical control—as a three step process of specification, production, and inspection. He also specifically related this to the scientific method of hypothesis, experiment, and evaluation. Shewhart says that the statistician "must help to change the demand [for goods] by showing [...] how to close up the tolerance range and to improve the quality of goods". Clearly, Shewhart intended the analyst to take action based on the conclusions of the evaluation. According to Deming, during his lectures in Japan in the early 1950s, the Japanese participants shortened the steps to the now traditional plan, do, check, act. Deming preferred plan, do, study, act because "study" has connotations in English closer to Shewhart's intent than "check".

A fundamental principle of the scientific method and PDSA is iteration—once a hypothesis is confirmed (or negated), executing the cycle again will extend the knowledge further. Repeating the PDSA cycle can bring us closer to the goal, usually a perfect operation and output.

Palabras nuevas:

Career  n(C)  carrera  (de contenido)

Shortened  vt  abreviaron  (de contenido)

Intended  adj  intensionado  (de contenido)

Further  adj  mas   (de contenido)

Goal  n(C)  objetivo  (de contenido)

Sustantivos: Father, method

Adjetivos: modern, new

Adverbios: better, specifically

Verbos:  describe, written

Conjunciones: because, and

Preposiciones: under, by

Artículos: the, a

Prefijo:

Sufijo: knowledge, specifically

Cognados falsos: close, once

Cognados verdaderos: describe, method

Idea principal del texto:  El ciclo de Deming y la evolucion que tuvo este metodo cientifico.

PDCA fue hecho popular por el Dr. W. Edwards Deming, quien es considerado por muchos como el padre del Control de Calidad moderno; sin embargo el siempre se referio a esto como el Ciclo de Shewhart. Luego en la carrera de Deming, el modifico PDCA a "Plan, Hacer, Estudiar, Actuar" (PDSA) para describir mejor sus recomendaciones.

El concepto de PDCA esta basado en el metodo cientifico desarrollado del trabajo de Francis Bacon, El metodo cientifico puede ser escrito como "hipotesis"-"experimento"-"evaluacion" o plan, hacer y revisar.

Shewart describio manufactura bajo control - bajo control estadistico - como un proceso de tres pasos: especificacion, produccion, e inspeccion. El tambien relaciono especificamente esto al metodo cientifico de hipotesis, experimento, y evaluacion. Shewhart dice que los estadisticos "deben ayudar a cambiar la demanda (para bien) mostrando como acortar el rango de tolerancia y aumentar la calidad de los bienes".  Claramente, Shewhart deseo que los analistas tomen accion basado en las conclusiones de la evaluacion. Segun Deming durante su lectura en Japon en los principios de los 50s, los participantes Japonese acortaron los pasos al ahora tradicional "plan, hacer, revisar, actuar".  Deming prefirio plan, hacer, estudiar, actuar porque estudiar tiene una connotacion en Ingles mas parecida a la intencion de revisar de Shewhart.

Un principio fundamental del metodo cientifico y del PDSA es la iteracion- una vez que la hipotesis es confirmada (o negada), ejecutando el ciclo otra vez extendera el conociemiento aun mas.  Repitiendo el ciclo PDSA nos puede acercar al objetivo, generalmente una operacion y salida perfecta.

Bienvenido a mi Blog

Hola soy Guido Di Francescantonio

Soy estudiante del Posgrado de Gerencia de Proyectos Industriales, y Trabajo en el area de Aseguramiento de la Calidad.

Mi expectativa sobre el curso de Ingles Instrumental, es adquirir herramientas que me ayuden a leer los documentos escritos en ingles relacionada al area de planificacion y control de proyectos industriales.