Reflexión

    Este metodo de aprendizaje ayuda a los estudiantes a asimilar el conocimiento de la materia de una forma diferente,  introduciendo nuevos conceptos tecnologicos, y de una forma completamente practica.

    No seria honesto el no reconocer que al principio era exceptico, sin embargo al utilizar las herramientas y realizar los ejercicios llegas a asimilar el material del curso de una forma diferente y muy practica.

    Las practicas en laboratorio ayudan bastante a seguir el metodo, caso contrario a cuando se tomaron las clases en salones.   Sugeriria analizar la opcion de realizarlas todas en laboratorio, y que la asignacion del laboratorio sea planificada, y programada.

    El grupo es muy interesante, hay diferentes tendencias, criterios, posiciones, pero muy profesional, y muy preparados.

    El material utilizado en general fue muy bueno, bastante consdensado, claro, y practico.

   Particularmente el blog fue primera vez para mi,  considero una excelente herramienta incluso para ser usada en trabajo.

    En el dia a dia del trabajo utilizo textos en ingles, definitivamente con las herramientas adquiridas en el curso se me hace mas facil entenderlos.

    Para los proximos cursos sugeriria mejorar la programacion de las clases en los laboratorios, e informaria un poco mas sobre la mecanica y de los resultados, para reducir los excepticos.

    Ha sido un placer tambien para mi, y quiero Felicitarla y desearle mucha suerte en todos estos retos que ha asumido y que lleva adelante.

Taller Unidades 3 y 4

 Unidad 3

The Colosseum

The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo), is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.

Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction started in 72 AD under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD under Titus, with further modifications being made during Domitian's reign (81–96). The name "Amphitheatrum Flavium" derives from both Vespasian's and Titus's family name (Flavius, from the gens Flavia).

Capable of seating 50,000 spectators, the Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.

Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and still has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.

The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin

Unidad 3

Técnicas de lectura: predicción, scanning y skimming

• Seleccione un texto que tenga una imagen.
• Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas.
• De acuerdo al título y la imagen: ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?

          El texto trata sobre El Coliseo Romano

• ¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?

         La idea General es la Historia del Coliseo

• ¿Que palabras se repiten?

         Colosseum, Roman, Amphitheatrum, Flavium, battles, Imperial, Rome, construction.

• ¿Que palabras se parecen al español?

         Amphitheatrum, Imperial, Rome, construction, elliptical, centre, architecture

• ¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?

           Colosseum,  Coliseum,  Flavian Amphitheatre, Rome, Italy

• ¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.

           El Coliseo, originalmente el Anfiteatro Flavian, es un anfiteatro eliptico en el centro de la ciudad de Roma, Italia, el mas largo construido en el Imperio Romano.  Es considerado uno de los mas grandes trabajos de la arquitectura Romana y de la Ingenieria Romana.


          El Coliseo es un simbolo icono del Imperio Romano. Es uno de las mas populares atracciones turisticas y tiene conexion con la iglesia Catolica Romana, tanto que cada Viernes Santo el Papa realiza la procesion del camino a la cruz en la areas del Coliseo.



 Unidad 4A

 Change Management

 Change management means to plan, initiate, realize, control, and finally stabilize change processes on both, corporate and personal level. Change may cover such diverse problems as for example strategic direction or personal development programs for staff.

Change is the continuous adoption of corporate strategies and structures to changing external conditions. Today, change is not the exception but a steady ongoing process. On contrast ‘business as usual’ will become the exception from phases of turbulence. Change management comprises both, revolutionary one-off projects and evolutionary transformations.

Unidad 4

Patrones de Organización de un Párrafo

A. Seleccione un texto relacionado con su área de experticia. Lea el texto y extraiga:

• Las definiciones 

          - Change management means to plan, initiate, realize, control, and finally stabilize change processes on both, corporate and personal level.
          - Change may cover such diverse problems as for example strategic direction or personal development programs for staff.

          - Change is the continuous adoption of corporate strategies and structures to changing external conditions.
          - Change management comprises both, revolutionary one-off projects and evolutionary transformations.

• y los marcadores de definición. 

          means
          is
          comprises
          may cover




 Unidad 4B

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela was born in a small South African village to a local chief and his third wife. He was the first person in his family to receive a western education, and was inspired to study law after witnessing the democracy of African tribal governance at an early age. Mandela became a sought after lawyer in Johannesburg, defending black South Africans against the government's increasingly unfair treatment, and a key figure of the African National Congress, a political party that sought to unite all Africans and regain their rights and freedom. He participated in boycotts, organized protests, mobilized his people and in turn was labeled an enemy of the state: accused of treason, banned from political involvement, disbarred, and sentenced to life in prison. Mandela's incarceration brought international attention to the racial injustices of South Africa's apartheid government sparking the rally cry "Free Nelson Mandela" worldwide.
Mandela served 27 years in prison before his release in 1990 at the age of 72 and was elected the first black President of South Africa in 1994. Although he retired from political life in 1999, Mandela continues to lend his voice towards issues that affect his country and the world at large, such as the AIDS epidemic, poverty, and human rights. He was also instrumental in securing South Africa as the host of the 2010 Soccer World Cup.
Nelson Mandela is one of the world's greatest and most admired political leaders and has been honored with numerous awards including the Nobel Peace Prize for he is a shining example of the incredible strength of the human spirit to persevere in the face of adversity for the pursuit of freedom.


B. Seleccione otro texto relacionado con su área de experticia y extraiga las palabras de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.

• Marcadores de Tiempo

           early, after, 1990, 1994, 1999, 2010

• Idea general del párrafo

          El texto trata sobre la Biografia de Nelson Mandela
 

Unidad 4 - Patrones de Organizacion de un Parrafo

Ejercicio A
(Realizado en Equipo con Rosa Mendoza)

Project Management

Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives. It is sometimes conflated with program management, however technically that is actually a higher level construction: a group of related and somehow interdependent engineering projects.

A project is a temporary endeavor, having a defined beginning and end (usually constrained by date, but can be by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, usually to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast to business as usual (or operations), which are repetitive, permanent or semi-permanent functional work to produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often found to be quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and the adoption of separate management.

The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals and objectives while honoring the preconceived project constraints.  Typical constraints are scope, time, and budget. The secondary—and more ambitious—challenge is to optimize the allocation and integration of inputs necessary to meet pre-defined objectives.

Idea General del Parrafo
   La gerencia de proyecto es la disciplina de planificar, organizar, y manejar los recursos para lograr los objetivos y metas especificas de un proyecto.

Marcadores de Definicion:
   -   is the discipline of planning
   -   It is sometimes conflated with program management
   -   is actually a higher level construction
   -   A project is a temporary endeavor
   -   as such requires the development
   -   is to achieve all of the project goals
   -   are scope, time, and budget
   -   is to optimize the allocation






Ejercicio B

Project Management History

Roman Soldiers Building a Fortress, Trajan's Column 113 ADProject management has been practiced since early civilization. Until 1900 civil engineering projects were generally managed by creative architects and engineers themselves, among those for example Vitruvius (1st century BC), Christopher Wren (1632–1723) , Thomas Telford (1757–1834) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859). It was in the 1950s that organizations started to systematically apply project management tools and techniques to complex engineering projects.

Henry Gantt (1861-1919), the father of planning and control techniques.As a discipline, Project Management developed from several fields of application including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defense activity. Two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques, who is famous for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool; and Henri Fayol for his creation of the 5 management functions which form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management. Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation.

The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern Project Management era where core engineering fields come together working as one. Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline arising from the management discipline with engineering model. In the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad hoc basis using mostly Gantt Charts, and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project-scheduling models were developed. The "Critical Path Method" (CPM) was developed as a joint venture between DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. And the "Program Evaluation and Review Technique" or PERT, was developed by Booz Allen Hamilton as part of the United States Navy's (in conjunction with the Lockheed Corporation) Polaris missile submarine program; These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises.

Idea General del Parrafo
   Los inicios de la gerencia de proyecto

Marcadores de Tiempo:  early, until 1900, 1st Century BC, 1632-1723, 1757-1834, 1806-1859, in the 1950s, started.

Taller Unidades 1 y 2

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Organizational structure refers to the way that an organization arranges people and jobs so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met. When a work group is very small and face-to-face communication is frequent, formal structure may be unnecessary, but in a larger organization decisions have to be made about the delegation of various tasks. Thus, procedures are established that assign responsibilities for various functions. It is these decisions that determine the organizational structure.

In an organization of any size or complexity, employees' responsibilities typically are defined by what they do, who they report to, and for managers, who reports to them. Over time these definitions are assigned to positions in the organization rather than to specific individuals. The relationships among these positions are illustrated graphically in an organizational chart. The best organizational structure for any organization depends on many factors including the work it does; its size in terms of employees, revenue, and the geographic dispersion of its facilities; and the range of its businesses (the degree to which it is diversified across markets).

There are multiple structural variations that organizations can take on, but there are a few basic principles that apply and a small number of common patterns. The following sections explain these patterns and provide the historical context from which some of them arose. The first section addresses organizational structure in the twentieth century. The second section provides additional details of traditional, vertically-arranged organizational structures. This is followed by descriptions of several alternate organizational structures including those arranged by product, function, and geographical or product markets. Next is a discussion of combination structures, or matrix organizations. The discussion concludes by addressing emerging and potential future organizational structures.

A. Categorias lexicales y uso del diccionario.

1. Selecciona un texto relacionado con tu area de interes. Identifica 3 palabras que no conoces.. agrega las abreviaciones.

    Thus  (adv),   de este modo

    rather  (adv),   mas bien

    patterns   (sust.),  patron

2. Idea principal del texto (en español)

    Las estructuras organizacionales, la implementacion de estas en las empresa, y su importancia.

3. Categorias lexicales: (2 ejemplos por categoria)

• Palabras de contenido:   structure, patterns
• Palabras de Función:  in, over
• Verbos:  apply, provides
• Adverbio:   thus,  rather
• Adjetivo:   organizational,  multiple
• Artículo:   the,  an
• Preposiciones:  by,  over
• Conjunción: but, and
• Cognados verdaderos:   Organization,  communication
• cognados Falsos:
• Sufijo: organizational, responsibilities
• Prefijos:  unnecessary

B. Estructura de la oracion: (2 ejemplos)
Frase nominal

1. Nucleo de la frase nominal
2. pre modificadores- post modificadores

Frase verbal

1. Nucleo de la frase verbal
2. Tiempo verbal

Ejemplo 1)  The best organizational structure for any organization depends on many factors including the work it does

Frase nominal:  The best organizational structure for any organization

1. Nucleo de la frase nominal:  structure
2. pre modificadores: The best organizational
3. post modificadores for any organization

Frase verbal :  depends on many factors including the work it does

1. Nucleo de la frase verbal:  depends
2. Tiempo verbal:  presente simple

Ejemplo 2.)  The following sections explain these patterns

Frase nominal:  The following sections

1. Nucleo de la frase nominal:  sections
2. pre modificadores:The following
3. post modificadores

Frase verbal :  explain these patterns.

1. Nucleo de la frase verbal:  explain
2. Tiempo verbal:  presente simple

Unidad 3 - Aproximacion al texto - SCANNING

Genichi Taguchi

Genichi Taguchi, born January 1, 1924, in Tokamachi, is an engineer and statistician. From the 1950s onwards, Taguchi developed a methodology for applying statisics to improve the quality of manufactured goods. Taguchi methods have been controversial among some conventional Western statisticians, but others have accepted many of the concepts introduced by him as valid extensions to the body of knowledge.

Taguchi was raised in the textile town of Tokamachi, in the Niigata prefctur of  Japan. He initially studied textile egineering at Kiryu Technical College with the intention of entering the family kimono business. However, with the escalation of World War II in 1942, he was drafted into the Astronomical Department of the Navigation Institute of the Imperil Japanese Navy.
After the war, in 1948 he joined the Ministry of Public Heath and Welfare, where he came under the influence of eminent statistician Matosaburo Masuyama, who kindled his interest in the design of experimnts.  He also worked at the Institut of Statisticl Mathematics during this time, and supported experimental work on the production of penicillin a Morinaga Pharmaceuticals, a Morinaga Seika company.
In 1950, he joined the Electrical Communications Laboratory (ECL) of the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation just as statistical quality control was beginning to become popular in Japan, under the influence of W. Ewas Deming and the Japanee Union of Scientists andEngineers. ECL was engaged in a rivalry with Bel Labs to develop cross bar and telephone switching systems, and Taguchi spent his twelve years there in developing methods for enhancing quality and reliability. Even at this point, he was beginning to consult widely in Japanese industry, with Toyota being an early adopter of his ideas.

Seleccione un texto  y escribe 4 preguntas puntuales sobre fechas, sitios, etc) (utiliza una biografía referente a algún autor de tu área de experticia))

1.- Cuando nacio Genichi Taguchi ?
      - Genichi Taguchi nacio el 01/01/1924

2.- En donde nacio Genichi Taguchi ?
      - Genichi Taguchi nacio en Tokamachi,  Japon

3.-  Que estudios inicio Genichi Taguchi
      - Genichi Taguchi inicio estudios de ingenieria textil

4.-  En donde inicio estudios Genichi Taguchi
      - Genichi Taguchi inicio estudios en Kiryu Technical College

Unidad 3 - Aproximacion al texto - PREDICION, DEDUCCION, SKIMMING

History of The Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty National Monument officially celebrated her 100th birthday on October 28, 1986. The people of France gave the Statue to the people of the United States over one hundred years ago in recognition of the friendship established during the American Revolution. Over the years, the Statue of Liberty's symbolism has grown to include freedom and democracy as well as this international friendship.

Sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion, to commemorate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. The Statue was a joint effort between America and France and it was agreed upon that the American people were to build the pedestal, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly here in the United States. However, lack of funds was a problem on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In France, public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were among the methods used to raise funds. In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds.

Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing such a colossal copper sculpture. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) was commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which allows the Statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright. Back in America, fund raising for the pedestal was going particularly slowly, so Joseph Pulitzer (noted for the Pulitzer Prize) opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, "The World" to support the fund raising effort. Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich who had failed to finance the pedestal construction and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds. Pulitzer's campaign of harsh criticism was successful in motivating the people of America to donate.

Financing for the pedestal was completed in August 1885, and pedestal construction was finished in April of 1886. The Statue was completed in France in July, 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor in June of 1885 on board the French frigate "Isere" which transported the Statue of Liberty from France to the United States. In transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. The Statue was re-assembled on her new pedestal in four months time. On October 28th 1886, the dedication of the Statue of Liberty took place in front of thousands of spectators. She was a centennial gift ten years late.

The story of the Statue of Liberty and her island has been one of change. The Statue was placed upon a granite pedestal inside the courtyard of the star-shaped walls of Fort Wood (which had been completed for the War of 1812.) The United States Lighthouse Board had responsibility for the operation of the Statue of Liberty until 1901. After 1901, the care and operation of the Statue was placed under the War Department. A Presidential Proclamation declared Fort Wood (and the Statue of Liberty within it) a National Monument on October 15th, 1924 and the monument's boundary was set at the outer edge of Fort Wood. In 1933, the care and administration of the National Monument was transferred to the National Park Service. On September 7, 1937, jurisdiction was enlarged to encompass all of Bedloe's Island and in 1956, the island's name was changed to Liberty Island. On May 11, 1965, Ellis Island was also transferred to the National Park Service and became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. In May of 1982, President Ronald Reagan appointed Lee Iacocca to head up a private sector effort to restore the Statue of Liberty. Fundraising began for the $87 million restoration under a public/private partnership between the National Park Service and The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., to date the most successful public-private partnership in American history. In 1984, at the start of the Statue's restoration, the United Nations designated the Statue of Liberty as a World Heritage Site. On July 5, 1986 the newly restored Statue re-opened to the public during Liberty Weekend, which celebrated her centennial.

Ejercicio

•Seleccione un texto que tenga una imagen.

•Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas.

•De acuerdo al título y la imagen, ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?

    La Historia de la Estatua de la Libertad

•¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?

    La idea del texto es la historia de la estatua de la libertad

•¿Que palabras se repiten?

    Statute, Liberty, American, people, United State, Monument

•¿Que palabras se parecen al español?

    Statute, Liberty, American, Monument, Park, Responsibility, Pedestal

•¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?

    El titulo:  History of The Statute of Liberty

•¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo. 

    El texto trata sobre el monumento nacional de la estatua de la libertad, que celebro su cumpleaño numero 100 el 28 de Ocubre de 1986, ademas que la gente de Francia le regalaron la estatua a la gente de los Estados Unidos al alcanzar los primeros 100 años en reconocimiento de la amistada establicidad durante la revolucion americana.

Unidad 2 - Estructura de la oracion

POKA - YOKE

Poka-yoke (ポカヨケ?) [poka joke] is a Japanese term that means "fail-safing" or "mistake-proofing". A poka-yoke is any mechanism in a lean manufacturing process that helps an equipment operator avoid (yokeru) mistakes (poka). Its purpose is to eliminate product defects by preventing, correcting, or drawing attention to human errors as they occur. The concept was formalised, and the term adopted, by Shigeo Shingo as part of the Toyota Production System. It was originally described as baka-yoke, but as this means "fool-proofing" (or "idiot-proofing") the name was changed to the milder poka-yoke.

Poka-yoke can be implemented at any step of a manufacturing process where something can go wrong or an error can be made. For example, a jig that holds pieces for processing might be modified to only allow pieces to be held in the correct orientation, or a digital counter might track the number of spot welds on each piece to ensure that the worker executes the correct number of welds.

Shigeo Shingo recognized three types of poka-yoke for detecting and preventing errors in a mass production system:

1.The contact method identifies product defects by testing the product's shape, size, color, or other physical attributes.

2.The fixed-value (or constant number) method alerts the operator if a certain number of movements are not made.

3.The motion-step (or sequence) method determines whether the prescribed steps of the process have been followed.

Either the operator is alerted when a mistake is about to be made, or the poka-yoke device actually prevents the mistake from being made. In Shingo's lexicon, the former implementation would be called a warning poka-yoke, while the latter would be referred to as a control poka-yoke.


EJERCICIO

1.-  Escribe cual es la idea principal y escribe con tus propias palabras que dice el texto en español.

      Trata de los inicios de la metodologia Poka Yoke

Poka Yoke es un termino Japones que significa "Sin Riesgo de Errores" o "A prueba de Errores". Un poka-yoke es cualquier mecanismo en un proceso de manufactura que ayuda a un operador de equipos a evitar (yokeru) errores (poka). Su proposito es eliminar los defectos de los productos previniendo, corrigiendo o alertando los errores de los humanos mientras ocurren. El concepto fue formalizado y el termino adoptado por Shigeo Shingo como parte del sistema de produccion de Toyota.  Fue nombrado originalmente como baka-yoke, pero como esto significa a prueba de idiotas el nombre fue cambiado a algo mas suave poka-yoke.

Poka-yoke puede ser implementado en cualquier paso de un proceso de manufactura donde algo puede salir mal o pueda suceder un errror. Por ejemplo, una plantilla que tiene piezas para procesar puede ser modificada para solo permitir piezas que sean colocadas en la orientacion correcta, o un contador digital puede  localizar el numero de puntos de soldaduras en cada pieza para asegurar que el trabajador ejecute el numero correcto de soldaduras.

2.-  Selecciona tres oraciones e indica:
-  Frase nomina, pre y post modificadores y nucleo
-  Frase verbal, nucleo
-  Tiempo verbal de la oracion.

1.-   A poka-yoke is any mechanism in a lean manufacturing process 
- Frase nominal:  A poka-yoke
- Pre modificadores: A
- Post modificadores:
- Nucleo: poka-yoke
- Frase verbal:  is any mechanism in a lean manufacturing process
- Nucleo: is
- Tiempo verbal: Presente Simple

2.-   It was originally described as baka-yoke
- Frase nominal:  It
- Pre modificadores:
- Post modificadores:
- Nucleo: It
- Frase verbal:  was originally described as baka-yoke
- Nucleo: was
- Tiempo verbal: Pasado Simple

3.-   The fixed-value (or constant number) method alerts the operator if a certain number of movements are not made
- Frase nominal:  The fixed-value (or constant number) method
- Pre modificadores: The fixed-value (or constant number)
- Post modificadores:
- Nucleo: method
- Frase verbal:  alerts the operator if a certain number of movements are not made
- Nucleo: alerts
- Tiempo verbal: Presente Simple




3.-  Busca 2 ejemplos de elementos referenciales
- Pronombres demostrativos: this
- Conectores:  but,  where